Abstract
In recent years there has been an increasing debate on the value of shear-wave data for monitoring fluid movement in a reservoir. Although most people acknowledge that shear-wave velocities may vary with changes in the pore pressure, the idea that shear waves may be sensitive to variations in the type of fluid is still contentious.

The "fluid sensitive" shear wave hypothesis has been countered by two main arguments. First, the perceived lack of "reasonable" theoretical models that can explain the changes of shear-wave velocities with saturation. Second, the fact that the few case-studies that have tested the hypothesis have shown more "circumstantial" evidence than compelling proof.

Instead of concentrating exclusively on my research, I will address the first conterargument showing results from three theoretical models that prove the feasibility of "fluid sensitive" shear waves. These different models rigorously describe complementary aspects of the problem, and can be tied together into an integrated explanation.

Regarding the second counterargument, I will skip it entirely in order to comply with the 20-minute limit on Heiland talks. But despair not! For you will have a chance to pitch hard, data-related questions when I eventually defend my thesis.

Biography
Reynaldo earned his B.S. in physics from the Simon Bolivar University inCaracas, Venezuela in 1996. Following his undergraduate studies, he obtained an M.S. degree in geophysics from Stanford University where he was a Fulbright Scholar. He worked at Arco International and Vastar Resources during summer internships. His research interests include modeling and characterization of fractured reservoirs, and linking seismic data interpretation to rock physics.

Abstract
In 1986, Ephraim Fischbach, Sam Aronson, and Carrick Talmadge proposed a "Fifth Force," a proposed modification of Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. In this talk I will examine the background to this proposal, why it seemed plausible, and its subsequent history. The two earliest experimental tests of the Fifth Force gave conflicting answers. One supported the hypothesis and the other argued against it. I will discuss how this disagreement was resolved and how the physics community came to believe that there was no Fifth Force.

Biography
Allan Franklin has been professor of physics at the University of Colorado since 1967. He received an B.A. degree from Columbia College in 1959 and a PhD from Cornell University in 1965. Prior to coming to Colorado, he was an instructor at Princton University. Since his arrival at the University of Colorado he has also been a visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology, Indiana University, and the City University of New York. He has also beena a research fellow at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, and at Chelsea and King's College, University of London. In 2000 he was named a Miegunyah Distinguished Fellow at the University of Melbourne. He was elected as a fellow of the American Physical Society for his work on the history of physics. In Spring 2002, he received a Boulder Faculty Assembly Excellence in Research Award. Frankin began his career as an experimental high-energy physicist. In the mid 1970s he changed his research interests to the history and philosophy of science, focusing particularly on the roles of experiment in physics. He has published six books and more than sixty articles on both the history and philosophy of science and physics. He has twice been chair of the Forum on the History of Physics of the American Physical Society and has served two terms on the Executive Council of the Philosophy of Science Association.

Abstract
The presence of clay minerals, hydrous aluminosilicates that are smaller than 2 µm can alter the elastic and plastic behavior of materals significantly. Although, clay minerals are found in most sedimentary environments, their elastic properties are almost unknown. This study addresses the controversy about the elastic modulus of clay minerals: The reported values for bulk modulus of kaolinite range between 10 and 55 GPa. For example, extrapolation from shale measurements (Tosaya, 1982; Castagna et al., 1985; Han et al., 1986), theoretical models using measured values on other sheet silicates (Katahara, 1996), and extrapolation from measurements on clay-epoxy mixtures (Wang et al., 2001) gives bulk modulus values of kaolinite between 21 and 55 GPa. Berge and Berryman (1995) report much lower values for clay bulk modulus: 10-12 GPa. To date, no direct measurements of the elastic properties of clay have been reported.

I will discuss the various aspects of effects of clay on wave propagation characteristics and our attempts to measure the modulus of clay minerals. In addition to traditional rock physics experiments, we have used non-destructive testing techniques such as Scanning Acoustic Microscopy and Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy. Using this technique, we present first-ever quantitative measurements of Young's modulus in clay. Our analyses of the AFAM measurements and comparisons with measurements on similar materials show that the bulk modulus lies below 10 GPa in dickite in the c11 direction (from Young's modulus values of 6.2 GPa ± 2.5 GPa).

Biography
Manika Prasad manages the Rock Physics Laboratory at Stanford University and is a member of the Stanford Rock Phyiscs and Borehole Group (SRB). Manika develops innovative techniques for petrophysical characterizations of rocks and sediments, develops and conducts a research program in experimental geophysics and teaches a course on experimental methods in geophysics. Among her current projects are the study of elastic properties of clay minerals, velocity and attenuation anisotropy and their relation to impedance texture and permeability, velocity permeability variations in sand mixtures, acoustic properties of gas hydrates, physical properties of volcanic rocks: basaltic lavas and tuffs, and archeological analyses of earthquakes. Prior to joining the faculty at Stanford in 1996, Manika was a visiting research scientist at the Sediment/Rock Physics Laboratory at the University of Hawaii. Manika earned a Ph.D. in Geoophysics from the University of Kiel, Germany.

Abstract
Today's work cycle from seismic imaging to reservoir simulation requires a variety of data structures--simple arrays, triangulated surfaces, non-manifold frameworks, corner-point grids, etc.--to represent the earth's subsurface. Conversions among these different representations are both time consuming and error prone.

Using simple image processing techniques, we automatically align a lattice of points (atoms) with horizons and faults in a seismic image. Connecting these points yields an unstructured space-filling polyhedral (atomic) mesh. This single idea structure can integrate multiple tasks, such as seismic interpretation, reservoir characterization, and flow simulation; thereby reducing work cycle times and errors.

Integration of multiple tasks has already yielded unexpected benefits. For example, we could interpret 3D seismic images on an atomic mesh, by interactively painting polyhedral mesh elements. Even better, using computations like those used in flow simulation, we can perform much of this painting automatically. (Think of paint flowing within geologic layers, but not across faults.) The resulting segmentation of the mesh may, in turn, enable more efficient flow computations. Such cross-fertilization follows from our use of a common data structure.

Biography
Dave Hale graduated from Stanford University in 1983 with a Ph.D. in geophysics. He has worked as a field seismologist and research geophysicist for Western Geophysical, as a senior research geophysicist for Chevron, as an associate professor at the Colorado School of Mines, and as a chief geophysicist and software developer for Advance Geophysical. He is currently a senior research fellow at Landmark Graphics, located in Denver, Colorado. Dave received the SEG's Virgil Kauffman Gold Medal and Best Paper in Geophysics awards for his work on dip-moveout processing and imaging salt with seismic turning waves, respectively. He taught the SEG's first course in dip-moveout processing as part of the Continuing Education program, and was editor of "DMO Processing", volume 16, of the Geophysics reprints series. As a software developer, Dave played key roles in the development of Advance's ProMAX system for seismic data processig, Landmark's RAVE/DV product for data analysis and visualization, and Landmark's data compression technology. As a Landmark Fellow, he continues to look for new and better ways to use computers to find and produce oil and gas.

Abstract
Detection of subsurface, liquid water is an overarching objective of NASA's Mars Exploration Program (MEP) because of its impacts on life, climate, geology, and preparation for human exploration. Low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) exploration methods are the most commonly used for groundwater exploration on Earth and saline, electrically conductive groundwater on Mars will present a near-ideal EM target, especially beneath very dry overburden.

NASA has recently solicited proposals for smaller, PI-led missions to Mars, called Scouts, to complement its main program of orbiters and landers. The Naiades - named for the Greek mythological nymphs of springs, rivers, lakes, and fountains - comprise twin Landers directed to a high-priority region for groundwater investigation. A carrier spacecraft built by Ball Aerospace transports the JPL-made Landers to Mars. There, broadband measurements of natural EM fields will be used for passive magnetotelluric, wave-tilt, and geomagnetic-depth soundings. Active, time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) soundings will supplement natural sources (lightning?) above ~1 Hz. The two Landers are positioned within several tens of kilometers of each other so that remote references can improve natural-source data quality; useful results can, however, be acquired by a single Lander. The expected depth of exploration of the TDEM is several hundred meters or more, sufficient to determine whether putative groundwater near "gullies" is still extant. Low-frequency natural signals from the solar wind, ionosphere, and possibly crustal magnetospheres will enable passive soundings to 10 km or greater, sufficient to detect and characterize deep, stable groundwater.

Additional mission objectives include detection of ground ice, characterization of natural EM fields, measurement of electrical properties of the atmosphere, dust, soil, and interior, constraints on planetary heat flow (from the thickness of the cryosphere), measurement of crustal magnetism, characterization of seismicity, seismic imaging of the interior, and assessment of landing-site geomorphology. A short-period seismometer and a wide-angle camera complete the payload to achieve these objectives.

A downselect is expected in December 2002, with a single mission selected in June 2003for flight. Most missions would launch in September 2007 and arrive in August 2008.

Biography
Bob Grimm is a Senior Geophysicist at Blackhawk GeoServices in Golden, where he is responsible for development and application of new methods for geophysical exploration and interpretation. This work has included characterization of fractured gas reservoirs by seismic anisotropy, detection of nonaqueous groundwater contaminants using complex resistivity, EM discrimination of unexploded ordnance, and development of novel EM sensors for terrestrial and planetary subsurface sounding. He holds a B.A. from the University of Tennessee (1983) and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1989). Most of Bob's published work has been in planetary geophysics, including planning, operations, and data analysis of the Magellan mission to Venus while at SMU and ASU. He has served on several panels for planetary subsurface exploration, most recently the Science Advisory Group for the Mars Smart Lander, scheduled for 2009 launch.

Abstract
This lecture will survey the state of water resources in the world, and in select regions. It will highlight the causes of water scarcity and its geopolitical and economic consequences. The range of peaceful solutions (economic, scientific, technological, cultural, etc.) to water scarcity will be outlined. The presenter believes that "water wars" are a likely outcome of protracted water stress in regions such as the Middle East.

Biography
Hussein A. Amery is an associate professor in the LAIS Division at the Colorado School of Mines. His BA (University of Calgary), MA (Wilfrid Laurier University) and Ph.D. (McMaster University) are all in (political) geography. He was a faculty member at the unversities of Toronto (Ontario), Bishop's (Quebec) and Lethbridge (Alberta). He has written about water management and politics in the Middle East, and in Lebanon. He recently published a book Water in the Middle East: A Geography of Peace with A.T. Wolf, University of Texas Press, 2000; a chapter "Islam and the Environment", and another on the "Role of Dams in Lebanon's Water Management." Last year, he published a paper in Water International on Islamic water management, and has a forthcoming paper in Geographical Journal on the looming threat of water wars in the Middle East.

At Colorado School of Mines, Dr. Amery teaches graduate and undergraduate courses on global hydropolitics, geopolitics, geography of the Middle East, war and peace in the Middle East, and other courses (including Nature and Human Values, and Human Systems).

Dr. Amery is also an Associate Editor of the Arab World Geographer, a board member of the Association for Environmental and Developmental Studies in the Arab World (AEDSAW)

Abstract
For many years Crossell seismic profiles (XSP) has promised high-resolution images for purposes of reservoir characterization and monitoring. Designed to fill the gap in coverage and resolution that exists between surface seismic and borehole logs, the crosswell seismic profile has overcome numerous hurdles in technology development, operations, and commercialization. Where is crosswell technology today and how is it being used? In this talk, I'll review the recent history and the state-of-the-art of modern crosswell seismic profiling. I'll cover the major aspects of data acquisition techniques, data processing for velocity, attenuation and reflectivity, and image interpretation. Is the promise realized? I'll attempt to answer this question with case studies from reservoir imaging and process monitoring studies. Finally, I'll use this recent experience to identify some possible future applications of crosswell seismic profiles to problems found in natural resource management, groundwater systems and geotechnical engineering.

Biography
Jerry M. Harris received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from CalTech in 1980. He worked on atmospheric attenuation of microwaves for three years, then after completing the Ph.D. he joined Exxon Production Research Company. At Exxon he worked on adaptive seismic beam steering and polarization methods for use in areas with seismically poor data. He moved to the Standard Oil Company (later BP), where he developed crosswell technologies for reservoir imaging. In 1988, Dr. Harris joined Stanford University where he is currently Professor and Chairman of the Department of Geophysics. In 1992, Professor Harris founded TomoSeis Corporation (now a part of CoreLabs) to commercialize crosswell seismic profiling. His current research interests include experimental methods in high-resolution borehole geophysics, seismic attenuation, and acoustical resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract
Most engineering schools teach unthinking cookbook forms of statistics, which are adequate for easy questions, but not for hard, important ones where there is genuine uncertainty and decisions needed to be made. We will use examples from science,engineering, law, and politics to clarify the issues.

Biography
Hal Lewis is professor emeritus of physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has both chaired and served on many government and professional committees focused on risk-related, defense-related, and energy-related matters, and is the author of Technological Risk (Norton, 1991), and Why Flip a Coin? (Wiley, 1997), the latter on many issues of decision making under uncertainty. His contact with seismic issues derives from involvement with both nuclear weapons test detection and with seismic design for nuclear power plants. He will, however, talk about more general risk-related subjects.

Abstract
The quantification of invasion is central to the interpretation of wireline logs in permeable beds. Permeable intervals require the highest accuracy of log interpretation; ironically this is also where the largest disturbances occur. Therefore, using inappropriate invasion profiles can lead to inaccuracies in porosity, movable oil volume, permeability predictions and the correlation of surface seismic to wellbore data.

Commercially available log evaluation programs usually use a step invasion profile derived only from resistivity logs. However, invasion has an effect on all wireline logs, especially on shallow reading tools such as density, neutron, sonic and micro-log resistivity tools. The depth of investigation of shallow tools not only varies from one tool to the next (2" EPT/CMR to 15" Sonic/Neutron) but also depends on porosity, the fluid type and saturation distribution. The variation in the depth of investigation of these tools is such that some tools read in the flushed zone, while others are strongly influenced by the non-invaded zone. Shallow reading tools are especially affected by the properties of the transition zone, which is not taken into account in a step invasion profile. Therefore, we are using a variable invasion profile in which the saturation varies as a function of the distance away from the borehole that is calculated using all shallow wireline tools.

The variable invasion profile calcuations allow a series of invasion models with different slopes, shapes and distributions. This is the first time that the invasion profile has been modeled in such a way. Since the 1-D work is promising, an extension of the invasion model to two-dimensions and three-dimensions (2D/3D) is recommended to obtain better results.

Biography
Gaby obtained her B.S. in geophysical engineering from the Universidad Simon Bolivar in Venezuela in 1997. For almost two years she worked in PDVSA Exploration & Production. Since 2000, she has been a student of the Center for Petrophysics at Colorado School of Mines. Gaby received the Student Grant 2000-2001 of the Society of Professional Well Log Analysts. Her research interests include formation evaluation, well log analysis and petrophysics.

Abstract
The informal lower and middle members of the Brushy Canyon Formation represent a 250 m thick succession of deepwater clastics in the Colleen-Rock Art Canyon area (CRAC) of the central Delaware Mountains. A 3-D geologic and petrophysical model encompassing a 24 km2 area populated with rock properties from the Gulf of Mexico was used to generate a 30D seismic model. A convolutional seismic model was using a scaled up version of porosity from 20 m x 18.4 m x 1.93 m cells that make up 12, 108, 600 cells.

Velocity and density are derived from the porosity model of the outcrop using standard porosity-velocity and porosity-density relationships respectively. Synthetic seismic data of the three-dimensional outcrop reservoir are calculated from zero offset refleciton coefficients using convolutional methods. The goal of this forward seismic modeling reflects an interest in resolving a hierachy of channel form sand bodes, non-channel (sheet) sandstone, and sandstone pinch outs that form important and common geometric patterns in deepwater clastic strata.

The resulting 3-d synthetic seismic volume consists of high-resolution seismic images. Amplitude mapping can resolve channels and sandstone pinch outs but the amplitude maps show ambiguity due to the weak amplitude within the channel bodies. Although the amplitudes of channel forms sand bodies may be weak, the three-dimensional visualizations of amplitude following the channel bodies show coherency throughout the channel bodies.

The presence of fluids in the reservoir was simulated using fluid substitution modeling through application of Gassmann's equation. Fluid substitution experiment demonstrates how the changing of fluids int he reservoir contributes to seismic amplitude changes that depend on insitu conditions, fluids and rock properties, and siemsic data quality (signal to noise ration). Outcrop geologic and seismic models can be helpful in a reservoir decision-making. It provides valuable information ont he architectures and heterogeneities that can be used to evaluate propsects or simulate various production scenarios in similar deepwater reservoirs.

Biography
M. Syafiul Umam earned his Bachelor's Degree in Geophysics with an emphasis in volcano geophysics from Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 1998. He then worked as an research assistant there before joining PT. Caltex Pacific Indonesia, a subsidiary of ChevronTexaco in Indonesia in 2000. Before starting his job, the company granted him a scholarship for his Master's education. BEsides geophysics, Umam's other interest is mountain climbing.

Abstract
The next decade will likely see a substantial increase in the number of broadband, three-component instruments available for targeted studies of lithospheric and mantle structure. To realize the full potential of this opportunity will require that global seismologists effectively exploit multichannel recordings of scattered waves. We are examining this problem in the context of inverse scattering of teleseismic wavefields. In a preliminary study, we have developed a practical yet formal inversion procedure that permits the recovery of 2-D structure from teleseismic recordings made on dense linear arrays. The approach is based on the assumption of high-frequency, single (i.e. linearized) scattering and incorporate free-surface interactions.

We have applied the 2-D inversion approach to investigate crust and mantle structure in the southern Cascadia subduction zone using data recorded during the IRIS-PASSCAL CASC93 experiment. We find very low S-velocities in the cold mantle forearc as manifested by the exceptional occurrence of an "inverted" continental Moho that reverts to normal polarity seaward of the Cascade arc. This observation provides compelling evidence for a highly hydrated and serpentinized forearc, consistent with thermal and petrologic models of the mantle wedge. The identification of this structure may have important implications for our understanding of the downdip rupture limit of great thrust earthquakes and of the genesis of arc magmas. I will conclude by discussing a number of issues for which progress is required to improve resolution of lithospheric and mantle structure using scattered teleseismic wavefields. These include the separation of incident and scattered wavefields, modal decomposition, and the treatment of unmodelled, incoherent scattered energy.

Biography
Michael Bostock is currently an associate professor in the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. He received a Bachelor's of Applied Science (Geophysics) at Queen's University at Kingston in 1986, and Ph.D. at the Australian National University in 1991 on the scattering of surface waves. Between 1991 and 1993, he conducted post-doctoral research at Utrecht University focussed on the origin and evolution of continents, detailed structure in the Netherlands on body-wave scattering in subduction zones.

 

Abstract
Mercury holds answers to several critical questions regarding the formation and evolution of all terrestrial planets, including Earth. Determining the composition of Mercury, with its anomalously high ratio of metal to silicate, will provide a unique window on the processes by which planetesimals in the primitive solar nebula accreted to form planets. Documenting the global geological history will elucidate the role of terrestrial planet size as a governor of magmatic and tectonic history. Characterizing the magnetic field and the size and state of Mercury's core will advance our understanding of the energetics and lifetimes of magnetic dynamos in solar system bodies. Determining the species in Mercury's polar deposits, exosphere, and magnetosphere will provide insight into volatile inventories, sources, and sinks in the inner solar system. The MESSENGER mission, scheduled for launch in March 2004 as part of NASA's Discovery Program, will fly by Mercury in 2007 and 2008 and will orbit Mercury for one Earth year beginning in April 2009. The instrument payload includes a dual imaging system for wide- and narrow-angle fields of view, monochrome and color imaging, and stereo; X-ray and combined gamma-ray and neutron spectrometers for surface elemental mapping; a magnetometer to determine the geometry of the planet's internal magnetic field; a laser altimeter to carry out topographic profiling and measure the amplitude of the planet's physical libration; a combined ultraviolet-visible and visible-near-infrared spectrometer to survey both exospheric species and surface mineralogy; and an energetic particle and plasma spectrometer to sample charged species in the magnetosphere. During the flybys of Mercury, regions unexplored by the Mariner 10 mission of 1973-75 will be seen for the first time, and new data will be gathered on Mercury's exosphere, magnetosphere, and surface composition. During the orbital phase of the mission, one Earth year in duration, MESSENGER will complete global mapping and the detailed characterization of the exosphere, magnetosphere, surface, and interior.

For more information on the MESSENGER mission, see http://messenger.jhuapl.edu.

Biography
Sean Solomon is the Director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and he is the principal investigator for the MESSENGER mission. A former professor of geophysics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he served on science teams for the Magellan mission to Venus and the Mars Global Surveyor mission. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a former president of the American Geophysical Union.

 

Abstract
Geophysical methods are well-suited to hydrogeologic investigations where data are typically sparse and spatially distributed. Specifically, geophysical tomography can provide spatially continuous information at an inter-well scale. The research challenge addressed here is to obtain high-resolution images of spatially variable aquifer properties though analysis of electrical resistance tomography (ERT) used in conjunction with two-well tracer test data. The primary goal of this component of the research is to use cross-well ERT as a tool to map subsurface relative flow paths and flow barriers in detail.

Field data were acquired at the U.S. Geological Survey research site at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts during the summers of 2001 and 2002. In this study, ERT has been used in conjunction with electrically conductive sodium chloride tracers. The resistivity images serve as a constrained surrogate for concentration data at a spatial density that is otherwise impossible to obtain. Cross-borehole images obtained during and after injection of a saline tracer show a reduction in resistivity throughout the aquifer between the tracer injection and extraction borehole and likely correspondence with the advective-dispersive behavior of the tracer.

Biography
Kamini Singha is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences at Stanford University with a particular emphasis in hydrogeology. She received her B.A. in geophysics from the University of Connecticut in 1999. Following her interest in hydrology, she worked as an intern at the U.S. Geological Survey from 1997-2000. Kamini was awarded a National Science Foundation Grant in 2002 and was made an Environmental Protection Agency STAR Fellow in 2000. Among numerous other honors earned during her undergraduate studies, she was named Outstanding Senior Woman in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Connecticut. Kamini's research objectives are to develop systematic procedures capable of delineating spatially variable aquifer hydraulic property values through integrated analysis of geophysical data with hydrologic data.

 

Abstract
Rock permeability is very strongly influenced by rock fabric. This fact has been known for a long time; however, very few borehole logs provide data related to rock fabric that canb e used quantitatively. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logging is one of th most recent borehole geophysical tools that provide significant new information for petrophysicists. NMR data introduces information that is very useful for permeability estimation. Transverse relaxation time (T2) distributions relate NMR log measurements to apparent pore size distributions of rocks. This bridges between the world of the geologist, with respect to grain size distributions, and the world of the reservoir engineer, with respect to capillary pressure data. Significant improvements can be made in permeability estimation using NMR data. Examples from clastic rocks and carbonate rocks demonstrate how NMR data can be used for improved permeability computaitons and how these data must be calibrated to core measurments in order to achieve the most accurate results. Although NMR log data can significantly improve permeability estimation, inherent limitations mean that our quest for a permeability log must continue.