Global Climate Change

Abstract
This talk will be an overview of real-time seismological work I've been involved with in conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey's National Earthquake Information Center and Advanced National Seismic System. Recent technological advances in computer and communication technology, as well as developments in seismic networks in the United States, have allowed seismologists to rapidly respond to earthquakes in revolutionary ways. Rather than limiting post-earthquake information to simply epicenter and magnitude, we can now rapidly provide maps of the intensity of shaking over the region affected by a damaging earthquake.

One system, called "ShakeMap", relies on shaking levels recorded at seismic stations to map out the distribution of shaking, pointing to the areas most likely to have experienced damage. These maps now provide the basis for emergency response coordination, estimation of damage and losses, and information for the public and the media. The second system, the Community Internet Intensity Maps (more commonly referred to as "Did You Feel it?") is a unique approach to Citizen Science. By collecting reports of what was felt and observed earthquake effects through the World Wide Web immediately after the shaking subsides, we can rapidly map out the extent and distribution of shaking and damage in any area of the country. The public has taken kindly to "Did You Feel it?". In fact to date, we have logged over 350,000 individual entries for earthquakes nationwide.

In this lecture I will describe the science and technology behind these two new systems, including the complex nature of ground shaking and its effects on people and the built environment, and describe plans for a new system at NEIC for the Rapid Assessment of Global Earthquakes (RAGE).

Biography
David J. Wald earned his M.S. in Geophysics at the University of Arizona in 1988, and his Ph.D. in Geophysics from the California Institute of Technology (1992). He is now a Seismologist with the United States Geological Survey in Golden, Colorado and an Adjunct Associate Professor of Geophysics at the Colorado School of Mines in the Geophysics Department. His prior career experience includes a position at the USGS in Pasadena, California, both as a Seismologist and Visiting Associate Faculty at Caltech, and earlier as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate from 1993-1995. He was a consulting Seismologist with Woodward-Clyde Consultants in Pasadena from 1986 to 1988.

Wald's scientific interests include the evaluation of strong motion amplification in basin environments; the estimation of rupture process from complex, modern and historic earthquakes using combined geodetic, teleseismic, and strong motion data; waveform modeling and inversion; analysis of their ground motion hazards; and earthquake source physics. He is now involved in Real-Time Seismology including the generation of real-time ground motion shaking and intensity maps for damaging earthquakes. He developed and manages both the "ShakeMap" system and the Community Internet Intensity Maps (popularly "Did You Feel it?") for post-earthquake response and information. David is also involved in management, operations, and developments at the National Earthquake Information Center in Golden and the new Advanced National Seismic System being built by the USGS.

Abstract
Absolute gravity measurements have applications in many diverse fields such as standards and metrology, geophysics, oil-exploration, water reservoir monitoring, and even homeland security. One of the best methods for measuring gravity involves tracking a freely falling mirror in a vacuum using a laser interferometer. The method is akin to satellite laser-ranging with the difference that our satellites can be stored in a room-temperature can in the laboratory. It is no small technical challenge to launch a mirror into free-fall and watch it fall with a precision and accuracy of less than 1nm (~ 1 atom) but it is possible due to the use of laser interferometry. It is also possible to measure small gravity gradients by launching two different satellites at the same time and measuring the difference in their free-fall accelerations. This technique is a modern day version of Galileo's famous experiment from the leaning tower of Pisa. Gradiometers can be useful for tunnel detection and even searching for diamonds!

Biography
Tim received a PhD in Phyics from University of Colorado, Boulder in 1987. He worked as a professional researcher at Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics on a gravitational wave antenna until 1991. He then started two different instrument companies in the Boulder area and has also taught in the physics department at CSM. Currently he is President of Micro-g Solutions and VP of technology at LaCoste-Romberg-Scintrex. Tim has over 30 publications on precision optical measurements.

Abstract
In the lab, we use lasers to measure "seismic" disturbances over 6 orders of magnitude in frequency. This allows us to make spatially and temporarily resolved movies of wave propagation without ever touching the sample. Needless to say, this is handy when you're
trying to make measurements in a hostile environment, such as a vacuum chamber or a mine field, or when a contacting transducer would disturb the measurement. With this technique we've been able to make inferences about the micro- and macro-structure of strongly
heterogeneous materials, often using previously unexploited signal, such as the multiple scattering coda. We've also been able to map out different regimes of "wave" propagation in strongly heterogeneous media, from ballistic propagation to diffusion, and beyond. There is
great interest in extending these laboratory techniques to the field for problems such as humanitarian de-mining. But in order to do this we need different ways to generate and record the seismic ground motion than the lasers we use in the lab. To this end we are exploring a host of new technologies, including ultrafast optics and millimeter wave lasers and radar.

Biography
John Scales did his undergraduate and graduate work in physics (at the Universities of Delaware and Colorado, respectively). After working for about seven years in industry, he returned to Colorado to become a professor in the Geophysics Department at CSM. John has taken two sabbaticals in Paris, first at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris in 1992, and for the 1999-2000 academic year at the Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles. In his spare time John likes to pursue the pleasures of bicycle-induced hypoxia in
Colorado.

Abstract
Magnetotelluric (MT) data were acquired, processed, and interpreted for a transect over the flank of a long-wavelength aeromagnetic high anomaly on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. The MT sounding method images subsurface electrical conductivity using time-varying electric and magnetic-fields recorded at the Earth's surface. Data collected in the field allow construction of electrical conductivity distribution in the subsurface that may be representative of geologic structure. Six MT stations were acquired at Kenai and the westernmost station crosses the Border Ranges fault, imaged previously by seismic and gravity studies. The two-dimensional conductivity model constructed from processed apparent resistivity and phase curves shows a number of deep conductors. The four main results on conductivity structure are: (1) Geologic framework surrounding the Border Ranges fault is more resistive to the east. (2) A resistive zone is evident beneath conductive Cook Inlet sediments. (3) There is a deep conductive zone beneath the Cook Inlet sediments with the top at approximately 10km. (4) The deep conductive zone comes toward the surface at the edge of the basin. The resistivity of geologic units is largely dependent upon their fluid content, porosity, degree of fracturing, temperature, and conductive mineral content. A geologic interpretation integrating gravity, magnetic, and MT show there may be mineral content in the conductive zones.

Biography
Alisa received a bachelor's degree in geology from Southern Utah University. She became interested in geophysics after attending Summer of Applied Geophysical Experience (SAGE) 2000 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. During the last five summers she worked two internships at Los Alamos National Laboratory, one internship as an outdoor recreation technician at the Bureau of Land Management in Cedar City, Utah, one internship as a student contractor for the United States Geological Survey, and most recently as a processor for Blackhawk GeoServices in Golden, Colorado

Abstract
It is estimated that more than 11 million acres of federal land is contaminated with unexploded ordnance (UXO). Remediation efforts have been conducted at many of these sites as part of base closure activities or other efforts to enable land reuse for military or public benefit. As time has passed, geophysical instruments, primarily magnetometers and electromagnetic systems on a variety of ground-based platforms, have become the dominant tool for mapping areas of concern. Techniques have evolved from 'mag and flag' methods to mapping systems with increased resolution in positioning. However, these systems acquire data at rates of only a few acres per day under the best of circumstances, and this falls short of the need.

To better address the problem, an ORNL-led research team has developed three airborne magnetic and electromagnetic systems, known collectively as the Oak Ridge Airborne Geophysical Systems (ORAGS). These systems are mounted on booms affixed to helicopters that fly at 1-2m above the surface at about 60 knots. Eight cesium vapor magnetometers are positioned at 1.7m spacing on the ORAGS-Arrowhead system, which has achieved full coverage acquisition over as much as 800 acres per day, and detects ferrous metallic objects as small as 2 kg. The ORAGS-TEM is a time-domain electromagnetic system that is at an earlier stage of development, having a demonstrated sensitivity to targets as small as those detected with the magnetometer system. An electromagnetic system is desirable in order to detect non-ferrous materials, for operation in an environment where the geology interferes with the performance of the magnetic system, or where more details about the target parameters and properties are needed. A third system, the ORAGS-VG system is a vertical magnetic gradiometer system which shows improved sensitivity over the ORAGS-Arrowhead system, and thus can detect smaller objects or achieve sensitivity which is equivalent to the Arrowhead system from a few meters higher altitude. It is appropriate where higher flight altitudes are required, where small targets must be detected, or where spacing between targets is small.

Although these systems have been designed for detecting UXO, they are well suited for a broad range of applications, including mapping of geologic features, waste sites, or infrastructure. In addition to these new applications, there are many needs that should still be addressed to improve this technology. Improved sensor systems should be evaluated including other electromagnetic system designs and alternative magnetometers. We have recently begun evaluation of Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometers to provide tensor magnetic data and perhaps to serve as EM receivers. Other sensors should also be considered. Improved processing methods (preferably automated) for filtering, anomaly selection, and target discrimination are needed. Other research needs and interests will also be discussed.

Biography
Bill Doll received a B.S. in Earth Science - Geophysics from Montana State University in 1977 and an M.S. in 1980 and Ph.D. in 1983, both from the University of Wisconsin - Madison in Geophysics. He taught geophysics in the Geology Department at Colby College in Maine from 1983 until 1991 when he joined the staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory where he is now a Senior Research Scientist. While at ORNL, his research activities have centered on environmental geophysics and have included a broad range of applications and methods within that sub-discipline. His primary focus has been on shallow seismic reflection and refraction methods and on the application of airborne systems to near-surface problems. He has served as President and Secretary of the Near Surface Geophysics section of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists and is currently President of the Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society.

Abstract
Electromagnetic and acoustic methods are important techniques for the detection and identification of buried targets. Fast computational models for the forward and inverse scattering problems play a significant role in subsurface sensing, in particular for system design and for interpretation and processing of measured data. In this seminar, I will give an overview of our recent efforts to solve integral equations and time-domain Maxwell's equations for both forward and inverse scattering problems. In the frequency domain, we focus on efficient techniques that exploit the structure of the dyadic Green's function for layered media for both forward and inverse solvers. In time domain, we have developed a series of high-order and spectral methods. Applications in subsurface sensing of buried landmines and unexploded ordnance will be illustrated.

Biography
Qing Liu received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in physics from Xiamen University in 1983 and 1986, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1989. His research interests include computational electromagnetics, acoustics, inverse problems and their applications. He has published more than 230 papers in these areas in refereed journals and conference proceedings. From 1990 to 1995, he was a Research Scientist and then Program Leader with Schlumberger-Doll Research, Ridgefield. From 1996 to 1999 he was a faculty member with New Mexico State University. Since June 1999 he has been an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Duke University. He serves as an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, for which he also served as a Guest Editor for a special issue on computational methods. He is also an Associate Editor of Radio Science. Qing Liu received the 1996 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) from the White House, the 1996 Early Career Research Award from the Environmental Protection Agency, and the 1997 CAREER Award from the National Science Foundation.

Abstract
The oil and gas industry began in the 1800's, yet the volumes of oil and gas being produced world wide in the year 2001 are at record highs and are still increasing. How much oil and gas remain to be discovered and produced? The answer to this question is quite complex and depends upon what resources one considers when answering the question.

In this presentation, we will look at the oil and gas resources in two separate categories - conventional and unconventional. Even though less than one-half of the conventional supply of oil has been produced, it is apparent that unconventional sources of oil and gas will play a much larger role in the petroleum industry during the next decade, and beyond. The location and size of some of these unconventional oil and gas sources will be discussed. The importance of unconventional oil and gas production will be explained in terms of current world and regional production rates and reserves.

The conclusions are (1) there is a lot of conventional oil and gas yet to be found and produced, (2) that unconventional sources of oil and gas will become more important to the world energy scene in the next 5-15 years, and (3) the Petroleum Engineering profession is still a good career choice for young engineers.

Biography
Stephen A. Holditch is a Schlumberger Fellow. Dr. Holditch is a Production and Reservoir Engineering advisor to the top managers within Schlumberger, while still consulting for Holdtich Reservoir Technologies. Dr. Holditch formed S. A. Holditch & Associates, Inc. in 1977. The company became part of Schlumberger Technology Corporation in 1997, then was combined with other groups in Schlumberger to form Holditch Reservoir Technologies in 1999.

Dr. Holditch is SPE President 2002, and will serve on the SPE Board of Directors from 2001-2003. He was the Vice President - Finance of the SPE from 1998-2000. In addition, Dr. Holditch served as an AIME Trustee from 1997-1998.

Dr. Holditch has received numerous awards in recognition of his technical achievements and leadership. In 1995, Dr. Holditch was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). In 1997, he was elected to the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, and in 1998, Holditch was elected to the Petroleum Engineering Academy of Distinguished Graduates at Texas A&M University, where he is currently a Professor Emeritus of Petroleum Engineering.

In 1989, he was selected as a Distinguished Member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE). In 1994, the SPE awarded Dr. Holditch the Lester C. Uren award in recognition of distinguished achievement in petroleum engineering technology made by a member before reaching age 45. In 1999, Dr. Holditch received the ASME Rhodes Industry Leadership Award, and the SPE John Franklin Carll Award. He has published over 100 technical articles.

Abstract
Fractured reservoirs have been encountered worldwide and in general they are profitably produced, however it is safe to say that none of them have been depleted efficiently. As the seismic industry focuses more on production and development it is becoming more important to recognize the presence of fractures for optimal reservoir management. Fractures can sig-nificantly influence the behavior of reservoir porosity and permeability, resulting in numer-ous dry wells and higher production costs. A key strategy for fractured reservoir management is a quantitative description of the geology, geophysics and petrophysical attributes.
3D seismic surveys, where compressional waves generate shear-wave reflections (PS-waves), can provide complimentary surface-seismic information to help identify fracture properties early in the production history of a reservoir. Based on measurements of shear-wave azimuthal anisotropy from Alford rotation and layer stripping analyses, PS-waves can identify possible fracture strike orientation and density, and because of their asymmetry they are also sensitive to fracture dip. Examples from both land and marine 3D PS-wave surveys demonstrate the potential of using these attributes to characterize subsurface stress variations of the overburden, and target layers where this information is important for open fracture de-velopment.
Seismic-anisotropy measurements are intermediate-scale responses of fractured media that fill the gap between borehole image logs and cores, and large scale features such as faults. These will be important for solving specific production problems associated with different fractured reservoir types, and could improve reservoir modeling for production-history matching, fluid-flow simulation and monitoring production-induced stress changes. From an economic point of view, if PS-wave surveys prevent a small fraction of unproductive wells, they are worth the expense.

Biography
James Gaiser received his Ph.D. in geophysics from the University of Texas at Dallas in 1989, and his M.S. degree in geophysics from the University of Utah in 1977. After obtaining his B.A. degree in Geology/Anthropology from Indiana Universtiy in 1972, he studied Geology and Geophysics at the Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany in 1973-74. In 1977, he joined ARCO in their geophysical analysis and processing group, and moved to research and development in 1980 where he worked on vertical seismic profiling, elastic wave anisotropy and shear-wave seismology. In 1992, he joined Western Geophysical research in Englewood, Colorado as a senior research geophysicist involved in the development of explicit finite-difference migration, coherent-noise attenuation and 3D converted-wave processing. Currently he is a principal research scientist in support of WesternGeco's multicomponent-seismic research worldwide. His research interests are in 3-D multicomponent and converted-wave seismology, imaging in anisotropic media and noise attenuation. He has been SEG District Representative for District 2, an active member of the SEG Development and Production Committee and is currently an instructor of "Applications and Interpretation of Converted Waves" in the SEG Continuing Education Program. He received SEG's Honorable Mention award for his paper at the SEG Annual Meeting in 1993 and was coauthor of SEG's Best Paper at the SEG Annual Meeting in 1981. He is a member of SEG, EAGE, EEGS and RAS.

Abstract
Weyburn Field in Saskatchewan, Canada is a thin, fractured carbonate reservoir. It was discovered in 1954 with an estimated OOIP of 1.4 billion barrels. It has undergone waterflooding since 1964. Horizontal infill drilling began in 1991 with a CO2 miscible flood beginning in 2000. The purpose of the enhanced oil recovery operation was to increase production after a significant decline in production over the decades.
Time-lapse interpretation of P-wave seismic data is an essential part of an enhanced oil recovery operation, such as at Weyburn Field. Since P-wave amplitudes are sensitive to acoustic impedance, mapping changes in seismic amplitudes of P-waves gives insight to changes in acoustic impedance. Since acoustic impedance is sensitive to changes in fluid, for example the addition of CO2 due to injection and the withdrawal of oil due to production, this allows a characterization of the enhanced oil recovery operations. However, in order to understand the changes in seismic amplitudes that are mapped, other data must be integrated to understand the dynamics of the reservoir.
Because Weyburn Field is a fractured reservoir, it is essential to understand where the fractures are located since they provide a conduit for fluid movement. Fracture modeling by Bunge (2000) and Cardona (2002) provide insight into the fractures present within the reservoir unit. In addition, Reasnor (2001) mapped salt dissolution and basement faulting below the reservoir and noted how these structural features may also cause fracturing in the reservoir. In addition, engineering data that shows injection and production at each well are analyzed and compared to mapped time-lapse seismic amplitude anomalies in order to validate their existence. After integrating all of these data sets, it is apparent that fracturing in the reservoir, in addition to higher permeability zones, is controlling movement of CO2 in certain areas of the reservoir unit. This causes fingering of the CO2 in certain areas and also produces areas of bypassed oil within the reservoir.

Biography
Ted was born in Denver, Colorado and attended Colorado School of Mines where he received his undergraduate degree in geophysical engineering. During that time he held internships with Western Geophysical and Phillips Petroleum. He is finishing his Master's degree this semester in geophysics. Ted is part of the Reservoir Characterization Project, under thesis advisor, Dr. Tom Davis.

 

Abstract
Weyburn Field is located in Saskatchewan, Canada and represents a thin, fractured carbonate reservoir. It was discovered in 1954 with an estimated OOIP of 1.4 billion barrels. It has undergone waterflooding since 1964. In 1991 horizontal infill drilling has been initiated followed by a CO2 miscible flood beginning in 2000. The purpose of this study is to interpret shallow part of P-wave seismic data to obtain a better understanding of near surface geology and driving mechanisms of intense deformation and faulting observed within first 800 ms of seismic data. This study has begun as part of IEA Weyburn CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project. The interpretation of the available 3D seismic covering the CO2 injected areas and additional dataset extending outside the RCP study area is deemed to confirm the absence of significant faults affecting the overburden section at Weyburn field, and to provide a structural picture of the shallow deformation features that are assumed to be a result of glacial loading/unloading. Initial results of seismic interpretation revealed strong correlation between the shallow faulting and basement faults, salt dissolution and, possibly, "ice push" features. The interpretation of P-wave seismic data of Weyburn field allowed to make the following observation: the major fault trends in shallow part correlate with those at basement level; glaciotectonics are one of the major driving mechanisms of shallow faults; the shape and orientation of shallow faults is influenced by basement faults and, in a lesser degree, by salt dissolution; basement faults affect the overlying strata, although faults cutting though the whole section cannot be recognized clearly on seismic. A better structural understanding of Weyburn field obtained through this study can be helpful for the time-lapse seismic interpretation.

Biography
Hasan Asgarov was born in Baku, Azerbaijan and received his B.S. degree in Geophysics from the Azerbaijan State Oil Academy. Before being accepted to CSM's graduate school under British Petroleum sponsorship program he was involved in conventional core analysis at Schlumberger, seismic data processing at CGG and seismic data interpretation at State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic. He is planning to graduate this semester with an M.S. degree in Geophysics. Dr. Tom Davis is his thesis advisor and he is a part of the Reservoir Characterization Project.

Abstract
Previous work on the 3D Vertical Seismic (VSP) at Vacuum field shows variability in the estimations of the anisotropic parameters as a result of the methodology and assumptions. I will present results on the 3D VSP from Weyburn field to show the variability when using one methodology. One way to estimate anisotropic parameters is to obtain the horizontal and vertical slownesses from the direct travel times of a 3D VSP. The slowness surface can be then inverted to obtain the Thomsen parameters epsilon and delta. The horizontal slowness can be computed as the derivate with respect to offset of the direct travel times, evaluated at the source offsets for one receiver depth. Here I will show how smoothing, trimming or any other process applied to the travel times affects the slowness surfaces and therefore the estimation of epsilon and delta. This study can be expanded into analyzing the errors (variability and bias) in the data and the model estimates.

Biography
Ludmila Adam obtained her BS degree in Geophysical Engineering from Simon Bolivar University (Caracas, Venezuela) in 2000. She worked for a year at Sincor, a joint venture company co-formed by PDVSA, Total and Statoil, proposing wells for heavy oil production in the Orinoco belt. In 2001 she started work towards her MSc in Geophysics at the Colorado School of Mines with the Reservoir Characterization Project. She plans to finish her degree this year.

Abstract
There is mounting evidence for two massive glaciations near the end of Precambrian time when the oceans were ice-covered to the Equator. No comparable glaciation has occurred in the subsequent 600 million years of Earth history. This lecture reveals the surprising history of the "Snowball Earth" concept and the challenge for the geologist in dealing with other-worldly phenomena. It will conclude with a look at the place of snowball Earth events in the histories of life and the environment

Biography
Paul F. Hoffman is among the most experienced field geologists of his generation, now in his fifth decade of field work primarily in Arctic Canada and Namibia in southwestern Africa. He insists that geology be interpretive, based on hypothesis testing, and the bolder the hypothesis the better. He is the Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology at Harvard University and is also associated with the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and the Tectonics Special Research Centre in Perth, Australia. A Canadian national, he is a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences and a spirited public lecturer.

Abstract
In the laboratory, at room conditions, many rocks (especially sandstones) display elastic behavior that is nonlinear, hysteretic, and has return-point memory. While there are several theories explaining how and why these properties arise (with varying degrees of success), we still have not found a way to isolate a single nonlinear, hysteretic element, and look at what it is doing. One way of trying to simplify a complex system is to take it to low temperatures, where the energy available to activate a behavior is very low, and thus most responses are 'frozen out'. Thus we began exploring the elasticity of rock samples as a function of temperature. Our probe technique is resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, i.e., we measure resonance frequencies of the sample as a function of temperature. Unfortunately (if you want answers) or fortunately (if you like questions), our measurements have led us in a completely new direction; that is, to ask when temperature is a good variable for describing rock behavior, and what temperature changes are really doing to the sample. This talk will describe the original motivation for this work, the design of the experimental system (the beer keg), our results to date, and some of the many outstanding questions still to be answered.

Biography
Katherine R. McCall received her BA, MS, and PhD in physics from Mount Holyoke College (undergraduate) and the University of Massachusetts/Amherst (graduate). While a graduate student, she spent two years doing research at Schlumberger-Doll Research in Ridgefield, CT. Consequently, her PhD dissertation was a collection of theoretical studies in rock physics (fluid configurations in partially saturated porous media, nuclear magnetic resonance of water in complex pore spaces, and nonlinear acoustics in a borehole environment). She was a postdoctoral scholar at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, taught briefly at New Mexico State University, and then moved to the Physics Department at the University of Nevada, Reno, where she is an associate professor. Her research interests broadly include the study of the elastic behavior and fluid transport properties of highly disordered, porous materials (usually rocks).

Abstract
Weyburn Field in Saskatchewan, Canada is a thin, fractured carbonate reservoir. It was discovered in 1954 with an estimated OOIP of 1.4 billion barrels. It has undergone waterflooding since 1964. Horizontal infill drilling began in 1991 with a CO2 miscible flood beginning in 2000. Ida Herawati has successfully interpreted time-lapse P-wave impedance anomalies at Weyburn. Following the same method, shear wave time-lapse analysis can be obtained. The S-wave impedance inversion method intends to improve the time-lapse amplitude interpretation. Since S-wave impedances are sensitive to pressure, mapping changes in seismic impedance of S-waves gives insight to changes in shear impedance due to CO2 injection and the withdrawal of oil due to production. S-impedance volumes for the baseline and monitor surveys are obtained by inverting post-stack S-wave seismic data using a sparse spike inversion method.

Biography
Bambang S. Kuncoro received his bachelor degree in geophysics engineering from Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia, in 2000. Before being accepted to CSM's graduate school under consortium Pertamina and PT. Caltex Pacific Indonesia sponsorship, he was working with PT. Caltex. He is currently pursuing his master's degree. Bambang is part of the Reservoir Characterization Project, under thesis advisor, Dr. Tom Davis.

 

 

Abstract
Over the last couple of years, climate change and global warming have come more and more into public focus and various sequestration projects have been initiated. Extraction of coal bed methane and enhanced oil recovery are two important applications of CO2 sequestration. Over the last two years, I was fortunate to participate in, and gain information about, another sequestration project in the North Sea: Sleipner East. In this presentation, I will introduce this sequestration project, which is unique because the CO2 is sequestered in a saline aquifer above the producing gas reservoir. The talk will focus on the monitoring aspects, especially the seismic time-lapse response.

Biography
Ronny Hofmann obtained his bachelor equivalent from Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in Geophysics. First, he visited Mines as an exchange student, with the intension to stay for 5 months only. Now, five years later he has finished his Master's degree in geophysics and is working on his PhD. He can be found in the garden level of the Green Center, where he is working in the Center for Rock Abuse under the guidance / aegis / custody of Dr. Michael L. Batzle.

 

 

Abstract
Time-lapse monitoring is a topic of high interest in various geophysical applications, including reservoir characterization. In the time-lapse monitoring of oil and gas reservoirs, it is common practice that, after appropriate data processing, two seismic surveys are subtracted one from the other and the areas of large differences are reckoned as "anomalies". However, not every feature that shows up on a difference section is necessarily anomalous. Borrowing experience from the medical field (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - fMRI), and using the redundancy of the pre-stack seismic datasets, I have evaluated a technique to assess the statistical significance of apparent anomalies found in time-lapse seismic. By using a data-dependent approach that classifies pixels as changed (active) or unchanged (inactive), I use the technique to indicate which areas of difference should likely be interpreted as anomalous. In this presentation, I show both synthetic models and real time-lapse data from Weyburn field to illustrate this method for assessing the significance of apparent anomalies encountered in an oil reservoir undergoing an enhanced recovery program.

Biography
Vinicio Sanchez was born and raised in Mexico City. After graduating with a B.S. Degree in Geophysical Engineering from the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Vinicio worked for the Petroleum Institute (IMP) and for a number of seismic acquisition, processing, and service companies in Mexico before enrolling for M.S. studies at the Colorado School of Mines.

 

 

Abstract
Enhanced oil recovery through CO2 injection is a commercially proven technology and allows additional recovery of typically 10-15% of the OOIP. Time-lapse seismic data provide a valuable insight on dynamics of a reservoir, which otherwise would not be possible by analyzing conventional, one-time seismic data. Analysis of seismic data acquired over the same area but at different periods in time helps to monitor fluid front movement, assists in detecting changes in rock properties caused by CO2 injection, allows optimization of the field production and, therefore, improve economical effect.

Weyburn field experiment was carried out by the Reservoir Characterization Project of the Colorado School of Mines with the cooperation from the field operator, EnCana corporation. One of the objectives of the Weyburn time lapse experiment is monitoring the CO2 front by the means of seismic time-lapse data analysis. Reservoir-based seismic attributes could help delineating anomalous areas of the reservoir, where changes from time-lapse data are evident. Anomalous data areas, in a time-lapse sense, could be indicative of reservoir condition changes due to the CO2 injection.

Biography
Tagir Galikeev graduated from the Moscow State University and the Colorado School of Mines with degrees in geophysics and geology. Tagir's extensive work background most notably includes VNIIGeofizika, in Moscow, and Amoco and Texaco in Denver, Colorado. Tagir's main interest is in detailed reservoir model building using integrated analysis of time-lapse seismic, well, and engineering data.

 

 

Abstract
The purpose of time-lapse seismology is to improve the efficiency at which hydrocarbons are extracted from reservoirs. To date, there are numerous examples of time-lapse surveys highlighting unswept areas of reservoirs and illustrating regions of premature breakthrough of undesired produceables. These examples allow engineers to better react to the dynamic activity within the reservoir; yet provide little insight as to how their changes will impact future production. A process is presented, using the data from Weyburn field, that uses the time-lapse seismic data to guide the selection of an attribute used to construct a reservoir model to be used for flow simulation. By constructing a more accurate baseline model, the flow simulation results not only match the time-lapse seismic anomalies, but will also predict the fluid movement further into the future. Thus, field engineers can proactively manage well production rates and drilling programs years in advance to maximize the efficiency of hydrocarbon recovery.

Biography
Marty Terrell graduated from the State University of New York at Fredonia in 1998 with degrees in geophysics and geology. He then worked for ARCO Permian in Midland, Texas, as an asset team geophysicist before joining the Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP) here at Mines in Fall 1999. Marty's research has focused on the integration of geophysical, engineering, and geologic data for improved reservoir characterization. He will join ExxonMobil's time-lapse seismic group in Houston, Texas, upon the completion of his degree.